Marksizmin yeni\npolitik aray\u0131\u015flar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan neden daha etkin bir yerinin olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fck\nele\u015ftirilere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, asl\u0131nda bu ele\u015ftirilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Marksizmi\nyeterince anlamamaktan ya da ideolojik bir yorumdan ibaret oldu\u011funu kimi\ny\u00f6nleriyle g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Bu ele\u015ftirilerin di\u011fer boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 da yine Eagleton\u2019\u0131n\nyard\u0131m\u0131yla k\u0131saca ele almaya devam edelim. \n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ele\u015ftiri:<\/strong> Toplumlar\u0131n tarihsel\nolu\u015fumunu belirleyen temel etkenin s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki Marksist\narg\u00fcman \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ortada sosyalizmi getirecek s\u0131n\u0131f kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nDevrimin \u00f6znesi olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan art\u0131k bahsedemedi\u011fimize g\u00f6re Marksizm de\nh\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Marksizmde s\u0131n\u0131f\nm\u00fccadelesinden bahsedilirken s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7ok bile\u015fenli ve de\u011fi\u015fken bir yap\u0131ya sahip\noldu\u011fu, bu de\u011fi\u015fimin s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bir olu\u015f ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde kavramam\u0131z\u0131 zorunlu\nk\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan devrim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurucu\nrol\u00fc, \u00f6znel bir de\u011ferlendirme de\u011fil nesnel bir olgudur. Marx bu nesnelli\u011fi,\n\u201ckendisini ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\nkurtulu\u015fu<\/em> ile kurtaracak bir toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f olarak\u201d i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ve onun\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyerek a\u00e7\u0131klar. Dahas\u0131, varolan durumu\nmuhafaza etmekte hi\u00e7bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 olmayan da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. Ne var ki bu nesnel\ndurum, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimi tek ba\u015f\u0131na yapabilece\u011fi gibi bir tezden olduk\u00e7a\nuzakt\u0131r. Her ne kadar devrimci \u00f6zne i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olsa da devrim, bir\u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\nsiyasal birli\u011finin ifadesidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Sosyalist\nm\u00fccadele a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurucu rol\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti\u011fi tezinin en \u00f6nemli\nkayna\u011f\u0131, ideolojinin ve politikan\u0131n ekonomik yap\u0131dan kopar\u0131larak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131\npost-Marksist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerdir. S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yerine farkl\u0131 toplumsal hareketlerin ikame\nedildi\u011fi post-Marksist anlay\u0131\u015flar, ideolojik ve kimlik m\u00fccadelelerinin\n\u00f6zerkli\u011fine dayan\u0131r. Ellen Wood, bu \u00f6zerkli\u011fi \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini\nsosyalist projeden\u201d, \u201cideolojiyi ve politikay\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplumsal temelden ve\ns\u0131n\u0131fsal dayanaktan\u201d koparmak olarak tayin eder. Ne var ki \u201cas\u0131l sorun, mevcut\nko\u015fullarda, sosyalist de\u011ferler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da arzulanan ve sosyalizm\nm\u00fccadelesinin ilerletilmesine de elveri\u015fli olan hangi k\u0131sa vadeli siyasal\nama\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i oldu\u011fudur. G\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar\u0131yla en a\u00e7\u0131k yan\u0131t \u015fudur: \u0130\u015f\u00e7i\ns\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131, ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde,\ndo\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131t oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in; hem kapitalizmin hem\nde sosyalizmin yap\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in; ve siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7ler ile\ni\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n eklemlenmesinden do\u011fmayan hi\u00e7bir sosyalist hareket\n\u015fimdiye de\u011fin var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n kararl\u0131l\u0131kla izlenmesi,\nsosyalizm m\u00fccadelesi yolunda tutarl\u0131l\u0131kla ilerlememizi sa\u011flama \u015fans\u0131 en y\u00fcksek\nolan ivedi siyasal programd\u0131r\u201d (E. M. Wood). <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bilgi teknolojilerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi ve \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak art\u0131k ba\u015fka s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ya da toplumsal kesimlerin m\u00fccadelesinin belirleyici rol oynayabilece\u011fi gibi tart\u0131\u015fmalara canl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131rsa da bu y\u00f6ndeki tart\u0131\u015fmalar m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerindeki s\u00fcreklili\u011fi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eder niteliktedir. \u00dcretim tarz\u0131ndaki, \u00fcretim d\u00fczeyindeki geli\u015fime ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal yap\u0131daki de\u011fi\u015fime ra\u011fmen sorunun k\u00f6kenini olu\u015fturan m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin de\u011fi\u015fmemesi, sorunun \u00f6znesinin de de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fini g\u00f6steren nesnel ger\u00e7eklerden biridir. Eagleton da Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cs\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir orta s\u0131n\u0131ftan\u201d bahsetti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek Marx\u2019\u0131n hi\u00e7bir zaman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini homojen bir yap\u0131da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fini hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. \u201cDe\u011fi\u015fik katmanlardan olu\u015fan\u201d bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, kapitalizmin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu nesnel g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Oysa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapitalizme bor\u00e7lu de\u011fildir. \u00d6yleyse i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimci \u00f6znelli\u011fini yitirdi\u011fi tezi tarihsel ger\u00e7eklikle \u00e7eli\u015fiktir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ele\u015ftiri:<\/strong> Marksizm ko\u015fulsuz bir\n\u015fekilde \u015fiddetten yanad\u0131r ve ona g\u00f6re her ne olursa olsun amaca g\u00f6t\u00fcren her\nt\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015fiddet ya da edim me\u015frudur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ele\u015ftirinin\nyayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6ndermesi Sovyet devrimidir. Ne var ki Marksist yakla\u015f\u0131m gere\u011fi,\nSovyet deneyimini her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ve tarihsel ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile birlikte de\u011ferlendirmek\ngerekir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u201cBol\u015fevik devriminin hemen sonras\u0131nda kanl\u0131 bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n\noldu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Ama bunun nedeni, yeni sosyal d\u00fczenin hem sa\u011fc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, hem\nde yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgalcilerin \u015fiddetli sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na maruz kalmas\u0131yd\u0131. Britanya ve\nFransa tam anlam\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131devrimi desteklediler\u201d (Eagleton). \u00d6ncelikle\nunutulmamal\u0131 ki Bol\u015fevik devrimi, halk\u0131n kendi temsilcileri taraf\u0131ndan\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Zira Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re devrimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 somut\ndurumlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ezen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n y\u00f6netemiyor ve da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\nolmas\u0131, bununla birlikte ezilenlerin ve sosyalistlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc oldu\u011fu bir g\u00fcce\nsahip olmas\u0131 devrimin olas\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlar\u0131 i\u015faret eder. Bununla birlikte i\u015f\u00e7i\ns\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi hareketler \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermeyen yollar\u0131 t\u00fckettikten sonra\n\u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ki bu zorunluluk bile, bir\u00e7ok askeri ve\nzor g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip iktidarlar\u0131n kulland\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fiddetin ko\u015fullad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015fiddet olmu\u015ftur.\nZira \u015fiddet, en genel anlamda tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkileriyle, en yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imiyle de\nkapitalizmin geli\u015fimiyle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130ktidar m\u00fccadelesi ve m\u00fccadelede \u015fiddetin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marksizmin \u2013deyim yerindeyse- fantezisi de\u011fil, kapitalizmin ve devletin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesine dayan\u0131r. \u201cDevlet, zat\u0131 muhteremler, s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir kavramd\u0131r. Devlet bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ba\u015fka bir s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet uygulama organ\u0131 ya da arac\u0131d\u0131r. Devlet burjuvazinin proletaryaya kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet uygulama arac\u0131 olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, proletaryan\u0131n tek bir slogan\u0131 olabilir, o da bu devletin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>\u201d (Lenin). Bu tarihsel olgu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, Marksizmin kendili\u011finden \u015fiddet yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fi varsay\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Oysa s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fiddete haz\u0131rl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in kapitalizmin ve devletin yap\u0131s\u0131na bakmak gerekir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n da yo\u011funla\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n habercisidir. Ezenlerin bu durumda \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu ve ba\u015fvuraca\u011f\u0131 olgusu, hem tarihsel hem de yap\u0131sal bir ger\u00e7ekliktir. \u00d6yleyse Marksizmde \u2013her ne kadar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir ge\u00e7i\u015f ihtimalinin de kimi durumlarda g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi savunulsa da- sosyalizme ancak yo\u011fun \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda ge\u00e7ilebilece\u011fi olgusu, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmede bu olgunun g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyece\u011fi sonucunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihai olarak, Marksizm s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme sorunlar\u0131nda, tarih d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcllerden de\u011fil tarihsel olgulardan hareketle taktik ve strateji geli\u015ftirir. \u015eiddetin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedeki zorunlulu\u011fu da tamamen bu tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131 itibariyle anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Komite\u2019nin Ocak 2019 tarihli 10. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Marksizmin yeni politik aray\u0131\u015flar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan neden daha etkin bir yerinin olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fck ele\u015ftirilere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, asl\u0131nda bu ele\u015ftirilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Marksizmi yeterince anlamamaktan ya da ideolojik bir yorumdan ibaret oldu\u011funu kimi y\u00f6nleriyle g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Bu ele\u015ftirilerin di\u011fer boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 da yine Eagleton\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla k\u0131saca ele almaya devam edelim. Ele\u015ftiri: Toplumlar\u0131n tarihsel olu\u015fumunu belirleyen temel etkenin s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1319,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,81,278,82],"tags":[342,264,263,276,246],"yoast_head":"\n